A quantum computer in the next decade could crack the encryption our society relies on using Shor's Algorithm. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

The topic is especially relevant in the wake of Willow, the quantum computing chip unveiled by Google in December 2024.

#quantumcomputing

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A huge thank you to those who helped us understand this complex field and ensure we told this story accurately – Dr. Lorenz Panny, Prof. Serge Fehr, Dr. Dustin Moody, Prof. Benne de Weger, Prof. Tanja Lange, PhD candidate Jelle Vos, Gorjan Alagic, and Jack Hidary.

A huge thanks to those who helped us with the math behind Shor’s algorithm – Prof. David Elkouss, Javier Pagan Lacambra, Marc Serra Peralta, and Daniel Bedialauneta Rodriguez.

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References:
Joseph, D., et al. (2022). Transitioning organizations to post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 605(7909), 237-243. – https://ve42.co/Joseph2022

Bernstein, D. J., u0026 Lange, T. (2017). Post-quantum cryptography. Nature, 549(7671), 188-194. – https://ve42.co/Bernstein2017

An Insight, An Idea with Sundar Pichai – Quantum Computing, Wold Economic Forum via YouTube – https://ve42.co/QCWEFyt

Migrating to Post-Quantum Cryptography, The White House – https://ve42.co/PQCWhiteHouse

Kotas, W. A. (2000). A brief history of cryptography. University of Tennessee – https://ve42.co/Kotas2000

Hellman, M. (1976). New directions in cryptography. IEEE transactions on Information Theory, 22(6), 644-654. – https://ve42.co/Hellman1976

Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., u0026 Adleman, L. (1978). A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2), 120-126. – https://ve42.co/Rivest1978

Kak, A. (2023). Lecture 12: Public-Key Cryptography and the RSA Algorithm – https://ve42.co/Kak2023

Calderbank, M. (2007). The RSA Cryptosystem: History, Algorithm, Primes. University of Chicago. – https://ve42.co/Calderbank2007

Cryptographic Key Length Recommendation, Keylength – https://ve42.co/KeyLength

Coppersmith, D. (2002). An approximate Fourier transform useful in quantum factoring. arXiv preprint quant-ph/0201067. – https://ve42.co/Coppersmith2002

Quantum Fourier Transform, Qiskit – https://ve42.co/Qiskit

Shor, P. W. (1994, November). Algorithms for quantum computation: discrete logarithms and factoring. In Proceedings 35th annual symposium on foundations of computer science (pp. 124-134). IEEE. – https://ve42.co/Shor1994

Shor’s algorithm, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/ShorWiki

Euler’s totient function, Wikipedia – https://ve42.co/EulerWiki

Asfaw, A. (2020). Shor’s Algorithm Lecture Series, Qiskit Summer School – https://ve42.co/ShorYT

How Quantum Computers Break Encryption, minutephysics via YouTube – https://ve42.co/PQCmpyt

Breaking RSA Encryption – an Update on the State-of-the-Art, QuintessenceLabs – https://ve42.co/QuintessenceLabs

O'Gorman, J., u0026 Campbell, E. T. (2017). Quantum computation with realistic magic-state factories. Physical Review A, 95(3), 032338. – https://ve42.co/OGorman2017

Gidney, C., u0026 Ekerå, M. (2021). How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits. Quantum, 5, 433. – https://ve42.co/Gidney2021

2021 Quantum Threat Timeline Report, Global Risk Institute – https://ve42.co/QuantumRisk

The IBM Quantum Development Roadmap, IBM – https://ve42.co/IBMQC

Post-Quantum Cryptography, Computer Security Resource Center (NIST) – https://ve42.co/CSRCPQC

Alagic, G., et al. (2022). Status report on the third round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process. US Department of Commerce, NIST. – https://ve42.co/Alagic2022

Thijs, L. (2015). Lattice cryptography and lattice cryptanalysis – https://ve42.co/Thijs2015

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